By Sabrina Brando

We are all thinking about animal care, including how we interact with them and ways we can impact their wellbeing ranging from negatively to positively, i.e., the quality of care. To think about how we do what we do is impacting them, or likely, or possibly impacting them.
One of the questions, or rather perhaps, exercises, I like to think about and engage in is: what it would be like to be in their position? Where they live, with whom, what opportunities and affordances they have, etc. This is a difficult thing to do and not without interpretational hurdles and problems, I know, I already hear the word anthropomorphism ringing in my ears.

I bet anyone working with animals would love to be able to be that animal or species or individual for 1 day (or longer)! To experience e.g., what the world is like for them, how do they experience varies things in their lives, how and what they think about, how do they feel and experience their world emotionally? Can we just be Dr Doolittle, please? We have so many questions about animals and how wonderful would it be to be able to ask, or to experience what it would be like in their shoes… fins, paws, feet…

There are many ways to try and gauge animal wellbeing, by for example observing how animals use their environment, who they interact with and how they do this, doing systematic preference testing, quantitative (where, how often, how long), and qualitative behavioural assessment (how, emotional expressive qualities of behaviour, a whole animal approach), there are many different ways to gain insights and do animal welfare assessments.

Considering that we cannot be a white rhino, cotton-top marmoset or iguana for a day we can use other methods to gain insights, to gauge their experiences. When thinking of animals under human care and how we can try to optimize and promote positive welfare for the animals, we try to imagine what a certain situation is like, and so many questions come to mind. One of the ways that can help us think about other animals, and consider the effects is Critical Anthropomorphism, first described by Professor Gordon Burghardt in 1985, where he introduces:

• Anthropomorphism – Attributing human characteristics to nonhuman entities (grievous sin)
• Anthropomorphism by Omission – Unwittingly neglecting the animal’s perspective and Umwelt (also a grievous sin)
• Critical Anthropomorphism – Using our stance as human beings to propose the occurrence of testable cognitive, emotional, and behavioural processes in other species informed by rigorous incorporation of empirical knowledge and research findings on physiology, sensory and neural processes, ecology, behaviour, sociality, and development (Essential Virtue)

“Judging other species using markers such as screams, smiles, or even speed of responding can be uncritically anthropomorphic and a hallmark of anthropocentrism!”

We of course gather all the information we can find to understand the biology, ecology, consider aspects of evolutionary significance, the background knowledge of a species. We also want to consider aspects of learning and training, differences between their wild and captive life, and identify possible indicators of wellbeing on a scale from poor to good (optimal).

There are many aspects in caring for animals that we can look at and see what they might be experiencing, and how we can refine/improve. For example, it is likely you know an animal who is constantly looking around and looking out. This could be in relation to a caregiver, where they are, when and what they are doing, as well as perhaps also looking for or at visitors.

Another animal might be sitting a lot of time in a tunnel that acts as a shuttle between in- and outdoor areas, or right in the door opening. He or she is monitoring the environment for what is happening, or sits high up overlooking, all can be a good thing as information seeking, understanding, and integration is an important part of an animal’s life. We know that exploring, gathering information, working for something, can potentially be intrinsically motivating. It also makes me think about the purpose and flow, such important drivers in human behaviour, but that is for another time.

However, if the frequency and intensity of all this looking around, searching and monitoring is very high or manifested in undesired behaviours, this can result in suboptimal wellbeing for an animal. Of course, a certain amount of vigilance is necessary and important and is part of the natural behaviour repertoire. However, we should evaluate and be attentive if an animal has high levels of vigilance behaviour which can indicate anxiety and uncertainty, feelings of unsafety. High vigilance also takes away from the time an animal could be interacting with other animals, reducing quality and quantity of rest and sleep, and or the reduction of other activities in the habitat. High vigilance is also a state of constant attention which is very exhausting, physical and mentally.
These high vigilance related behaviours are often related to high unpredictability, but also due to caregivers who were/are signalling changes they were/are making – like shutting doors when the animals did/do not expect it or want it, what has previously been learned, and a lack of cues in general. Having specific cues can help reduce uncertainty and signal what is going to happen, when, where and who, it signals good and aversive events so animals can anticipate what is coming rather than having to guess and figure it out. Have clear communication around what might be or is perceived as aversive, can help increase certainty, even if what is coming is not necessarily positive. Unpredictability without choices and control is not a favourable position to be in.

For example, we could decide to wear an orange suit only when we have to capture animals for medical checks. The orange suit will let the animals know what we are doing, and not wearing it will signal that no capturing will take place, which often reduces the stress related to these procedures. When the orange suit is worn, it is clear, capturing will take place.
We could something similar to reduce the high vigilance and monitoring behaviour by announcing a door will close, by for example saying ‘door’ ahead of time, and leaving time for an animal to make a decision and act on them. The animal then has the time to decide and move wherever he or she would like to be, rather than being surprised and caught somewhere undesired. This can be helpful for example when you are needing to capture an animal for a routine health check.

If it is a frequent event, it is preferable to teach animals to voluntarily participate in their health care therefore eliminating the need to capture or reduce it significantly.
A balance should be struck between predictability and unpredictability, with a favourable balance for the animals. More about predictability in another blog.
As a thought experiment, let’s go to go back to the animal which spends all this time observing.

Imagine you would be in your home but there are these people walking and working around you, closing and opening doors without your consent or at unpredictable times. They are allowing and removing your access to your food, other animals, areas and or activities, even a view but you do not have control nor choice over when and how this happens.
Where do you imagine yourself to be if someone could suddenly close a door to the kitchen or your bedroom if this is where you want to be?

You probably would want to be close to the kitchen door so you can quickly go through it if it looks they might close off your access to the fridge when you are hungry.
Or you might find yourself staying in the bedroom longer so you do not have to give up your bed, which you like, hence quickly taking breakfast back into bed.

Where shall you be positioned to survey when these people are controlling your access to the bed, the kitchen or spending time in the larger living room with games, TV, a larger and comfier place to lounge and or socialise, or even to get to the garden?
You start to feel annoyed I can imagine, and indeed, why should you have to choose, why should I have to be so concerned with these matters all the time? Why can’t the doors be open and you can choose where you want to be, when and with who.
Now go back to the animals we care for, we all know some animals who are concerned with being shut in or out. Animals who are identified as “difficult” like e.g., when shifting, moving into and through tunnels.

How we should look at this I think is that the animal(s) convey to us that they do not like the way we interact with them, how we have set up the environment, the types of options they have, etc. We should use this as information to improve what we do, with the focus on how. It is not only the end result we should keep in mind, but the way of getting there, the way of achieving this to be as or even, most important. See it as a dynamic approach always open to refinement.

There is immense power in asking questions, to go through exercises of wonder and enquiry. Another important exercise it to ask questions and understand what their life is like around the clock, across time. What seems to fit with our working style and hours is often not a good fit for many of the species we care for in captivity, from tigers, anteaters, bats to rats, fish or birds. Would a “24-hour zoo” that operates to accommodate and facilitates and promote optimal wellbeing not be fantastic? A 24/7 across lifespan approach, including those animals who are active when we are asleep, a zoo where animals can choose day and night as their exhibits are semi-automatic through modern technology.

If we put ourselves in their fins, paws, feet… we have to ask ourselves honestly what the real choices and control are the animals can exert over their environment, including their social life and more. How many real choices do the animals have when we control where, when, how, who and what in their environment? It is time to use modern technology to give animals more control over their environment, day and night, and to make them less dependent on us for what they want and need. If we house animals under human care we should do it at the highest standards, using all the available tools. More on that in another blog and check out our 24/7 animal wellbeing page.

Of course, not everything is possible all the time, nor is this necessary at all times. Live is full of restrictions, and animals can cope or learn to cope with these, and even better, exert their agency positively.

If we put ourselves in their ‘shoes’ then I think we would come to the conclusion that the real choices and control over the environment for most animals in captivity at the moment are not all they can be, and the good news, we – you and I, can do something about that.
You could do this at your facility: look around, think about choices and control the animals have you care for. When do they have it, over what, who decides, etc.? Only when we spend time thinking deeply about this and in combination with observations we can identify what is currently been done and what we can do to improve animal care. How we can add more choice and control, have open access, and indoor and outdoor areas that have similar value and opportunities, and more. It is not about acceptable or good, it should be the best we can do.

To us to challenge, to be innovative and creative, to accept the challenge so when one is asked the question in the future what it would be like to be in their shoes… fins, paws, feet… you might be able to answer “well if I would be an …. I think I would like to live in this place a lot!”

The ICZ would like to announce the recipient for the ICZ Keeper Conservation Grant 2021 ($US 1,000) is the project titled: “Construction of warming ‘room’ to provide shelter for juvenile Indochinese silvered langur (Trachypithecus germaini) and Annamese silvered langur (T.margarita) rescued from the illegal pet trade in Cambodia”.

The Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB) is a species conservation project of the Allwetterzoo Münster, Germany, established in 2003 in collaboration with the Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations (ZGAP). One of the first nature conservation centers in Cambodia located in Phnom Kulen National Park. The ACCB currently houses approximately 1000 individuals, 45 species including mammals, reptiles and birds native to Cambodia. Around 90% of the individuals at ACCB are classified as threatened by the IUCN.

The ACCB is a partner of the IUCN SSC Asian Species Action Partnership (ASAP) working closely with Cambodian government authorities, and various national and international organizations. ACCB provides full-time employment to 34 Khmer nationals, making up 90% of employees, the majority of them living in nearby communities.

In the past five years ACCB received a total of 19 endangered Indochinese silvered langur (Trachypithecus germaini) and Annamese silvered langur (T. margarita) rescued from illegal pet trade, including young individuals requiring hand-rearing. The current enclosure consists of a ca. 0,25ha ‘open-topped’ natural forest enclosure including a metal fenced area and nursery, allowing the langurs to be managed during feeding time, introductions, medical procedures and enclosure maintenance. The ‘nursery’ area is for young langurs which are strong and mobile enough to be introduced to other young langurs for social interaction, and later introduced to the older females. The nursery has significantly improved the husbandry, care, and welfare of the baby langurs arriving at ACCB.

The ICZ grant will be used for the construction of a ‘warming room’ adjacent to the nursery to provide a much needed heated shelter where the young langurs can warm up, and stay warm, during inclement weather. This is important to prevent health issues for these young primates. For more information on this project please visit their website.

The ICZ want to thank the following sponsors for their generous donations:

• Fundació Lluís Coromina (Spain)
• Oakvale Wildlife Park (Australia)
• Mr. Richard Roswell (Australia)
• Stichting de Harpij (Holland & Belgium)
• Currumbin ASZK Branch (Australia)
• Mr Joe and Mrs Joey Parsons (Aussie Dog)
• AFSA (France)

Wild Welfare’s digital education programme creates accessible and engaging opportunities for animal care principles to be learned and understood. Learners will be upskilled in the essential components of animal care and management, which in turn can help improve welfare standards for animals.

The online learning is designed primarily for animal care staff who may not have had previous opportunities to learn about animal welfare concepts and husbandry practices. A knowledge and skills gap within animal care staff is a primary issue that, if addressed, can help improve welfare standards for animals under human care around the world.

Wild Welfare works with captive wild animal facilities such as zoos, aquariums and wildlife sanctuaries, whose staff are eager to learn how they can improve animal welfare standards in their facility, and this programme is designed to help them do that.

Each programme module has a learning document and an interactive quiz, with questions and activities to encourage knowledge retention and inspire learning. The programme is fully accessible from a computer or mobile device and is completely free to access.

Get started on the website from Wild Welfare

by: Sabrina Brando

Sometimes I speak with animal caregivers who do not really want to work with certain species or certain individual animals. I recognise this from my 15 years of working in departments where there were a mix of species and animals. At that time, I was spending undoubtedly more time in and with some animals more than others. Some I fed quicker, provided less enrichment, gave fewer to no training sessions, and even sometimes only saw them when I arrived in the morning and at lights out at the end of the day. Of course, we were often busy with too many things to do, but then I would catch myself taking those extra few minutes with animals I enjoyed being with, who enjoyed being with me and were easier to work with. 

I have spent much time thinking about how I worked, and also about things I used to do that I would never do today–these are many–but that list is for another time. Things changed because I either now know better, or because I had to acknowledge that, more often than not, my thoughts and feelings regarding a particular species or animal came from not knowing or understanding them very well. Spending more time and energy on them brought me closer to them. I was often pleasantly surprised and learned that fondness can grow. I also learned to ask for help and support in areas I am not (yet) comfortable with, even at the risk of being made fun of.

On this journey, I have also had to make a special effort to remind myself that, while I like or am more comfortable with some species or animals more than others, the quality of care I provide should be the same for all of them. This applies not only to our direct work with the animals, but also to the need to listen and learn from others who work with different species, in different fields, across different disciplines. It also includes specific areas that might be more difficult to us, such as caring for very old animals, animals that have many, sometimes very taxing, needs, animals who do not like being around people, or who I find frightening, among other challenges. 

Of course, we all have our favourites–and that is OK! Some animals we simply like more than others, but as professionals we have to stay alert and provide all animals under our care a similar quality and quantity of care. I know this, and you know this, but it is almost inevitable that we find ourselves spending more time or providing more activities (including training, enrichment, favourite foods, playing games, being together, etc.) with the animals we prefer to hang out with–hello animal friends! 

“Kindness is in our power, even when fondness is not.” 

When I saw this quote, it reminded me of this–equal care and kindness to all. As animal care professionals we can and are doing this, but it never hurts to remind oneself now and again that, although there is a reason we call ourselves ‘creatures of habit’, as professionals, we need to do our best to provide all animals in our care with an engaging and optimal quality of life. 

Giving & showing kindness is in all of us. Wishing you a compassionate, purposeful, joyful, and active 2021! 

PS: Kindness and fondness are also very relevant when we think about and act towards people and organisations that think and act differently than us (for example, those who do not approve of our work with animals), but that too is a topic for another time.

As an African association, PAAZA (Pan-African Association of Zoos and Aquaria) had to overcome a few challenges not known to developed countries; one of them being the lack of basic education in the keeper workforce. This need for better education manifests in numerous ways, ranging from difficulties with reading, writing, and understanding the local language, to a total lack of knowledge regarding captive animals.

When faced with these issues, most institutions throughout Africa got creative and designed specific work tools to cater to these educational holes. Printing spreadsheets with symbols instead of words, and easy-to-fill-in keeper reports is not especially complicated, but can alleviate the difficulty of daily tasks for non-literate employees; however, such solutions are merely a patch to  cover a much-needed change in keeper education.

As it is, the African situation is even more problematic. Keepers are not specialized staff members. Most of them do not know about animal welfare and other captive wildlife concepts. Caring for animals implies servicing the enclosure and offering food and water, and that is already a job well done. Forget the best practice or husbandry guidelines for each species; these items are not even on the table in Africa. In response to this observation, PAAZA decided to jump in and help keepers–and eventually animals–by implementing education and communication ideas.

First, a fully-fledged educational program was designed for keepers, starting from the very basis of what animal care should be, up to higher levels of animal welfare, such as enrichment programs. Even if the contents of this course could be deemed ‘ground level’ for most developed countries, it is what is required for Africa.  Of course, being low-level staff members, keepers often do not have access to higher or continuing education, simply due to the cost. For this reason, PAAZA decided to provide these lessons free of charge to anyone wishing to learn. Thus, the full course is available for free on the PAAZA mobile app.

Considering the limited literacy skills of numerous staff members in African facilities, this program has also been translated into drawings and small cards for learners to carry around that easily fit into pockets when printed. The cards are also on the PAAZA mobile app.

However, the creation of education programs is only the first step in the betterment of animal welfare and keeper knowledge. The second step is communicating about this educational opportunity for all animal attendants and creating a keeper community to encourage knowledge exchange all over Africa. This step was implemented only very recently, with the creation of a special Facebook group, PAAZA Keeper Corner. It is only open to PAAZA members who are animal attendant level staff at the moment, although our joining options are still being considered. The aim of this group is to encourage knowledge sharing and networking between keepers. The African Keeper Association (AKAA) closed down a few years ago, which has led to a serious decline in communication between keepers at different facilities. The idea behind Keeper Corner is to try and revive this community spirit.

Why choose Facebook instead of another platform? Quite simply, because most young Africans are already using this form of social media. It is a part of their life and can be used on a tablet, phone or computer. Reaching out to where people are is the best way to encourage them to participate in a group. Previous attempts have been made with specialized websites, but none of them truly gathered a lively community. In addition, Facebook groups come with built-in safety measures, moderating options and a large array of tools to enhance discussions. One recently added feature is the lesson panel, where moderators can record their own courses. Group members can access them and even test their understanding via little quizzes. This could be a fantastic outreach tool for teaching keepers all over Africa.

The African continent is home to many wonderful species and people. It is our responsibility to make sure both are given proper welfare. By educating people today, we ensure a brighter future for Nature and its guardians. Remember: education is key.

The Endangered Primate Rescue Center (EPRC) was established in 1993 and is one of the largest rescue centers in Southeast Asia. EPRC is home to more than 180 endangered primates from three primate groups (langurs, gibbons, and lorises), all of which were either confiscated by law enforcement officials or were born at the center. EPRC tries to rehabilitate and breed confiscated primates and later release them back to the wild, if possible.

There is a large wildlife trade in Vietnam, despite all primates having legally protected status. Primates are primarily hunted for meat, traditional Chinese medicines, and the pet trade. Many Vietnamese primate species are on the brink of extinction; for example, there are only 65 Cat Ba langurs, 200 Delacours langurs, and 200 Tonking Snubnose Monkeys remaining.

Since 2015, EPRC is under the management of the Zoo Leipzig (Germany), who is also the primary sponsor. About 25 Vietnamese keepers and 2 Vietnamese veterinarians care for the wellbeing of our animals. Every day, our keepers have to cut 400 kg fresh leaves for our 130 langurs, which is quite a feat. Our animal keepers do all the work themselves, including cleaning, feeding, preparing diets, cutting leaves, creating enrichment, hand rearing infant primates, gardening, construction, maintenance, and so much more. The majority of our keepers belong to the Moon minority, a usually underprivileged group. Their work at EPRC provides them jobs and income, and raises community awareness of the plight of our primates, which helps to keep them from hunting or collecting primates inside the Cut Phuong National Park, where we are located.

For more information on EPRC, please visit their website.

The ICZ would like to welcome Deborah Nolan of DN Creative Marketing & Design to the team! Deborah is from Newcastle Upon Tyne in NE England & is a freelance designer & marketer for her own business. Deborah is also a marketing manager for the U.K. based conservation charity WWT (Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust). Deborah has a passion for animals is excited to be able to support the ICZ!

Deborah is debuting her designs for the ICZ with new 2020 International Zookeeper Day logos! Only 40 days left until IZD! Please enjoy & share the amazing IZD Designs!

FB – @dncreativemarketing
Twitter – @dncreatedesign
www.dncreativedesign.co.uk

The ICZ is pleased to announce that Sabrina Brando has agreed to take on the role of Advisor to the ICZ. Through her new role, Sabrina will be supporting the ICZ steering committee in a variety of ways. We look forward to working with her and are pleased to have her as a part of our team.

Sabrina Brando is the director of AnimalConcepts, including the Practical Animal Welfare Science platform, a PhD candidate at the University of Stirling in Scotland on the topic of human well-being and is the Primate Care Training Program Coordinator for the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance. She teaches at various universities and colleges, as well as working with many zoos, aquariums and sanctuaries worldwide, on animal welfare, behaviour, environmental enrichment, animal training, the human-animal relationship, and other topics. Sabrina is a Certified Compassion Fatigue Professional and feels compassion and awareness is key in the animal care profession in order for animal care professionals to serve animals and people with compassion and integrity.

Please download the application form to apply or contact us at outreach@iczoo.org.

In support of the animal community worldwide during COVID19 AnimalConcepts is donating 3 free one-on-one 1.5hr webinars this month on a topic of your choice.
The theme this month is: Animal Friendships 🦜🐘🦍 🐷🐵
What do you need to do? You can:
– Send a 1-2 minute video show telling their friendship story
– Send a written (max 500 words) friendship story with a photo of them
Send before 15 May 2020 to info@animalconcepts.eu 🐻🐧🐬
Winners will be notified on 17 May 2020.

Visit AnimalConcepts’ website and Facebook page.

In light of Covid-19, we have made the difficult decision to postpone the 7th International Congress on Zookeeping. We will give you further details once they come to hand. Please stay tuned.

In early 2015, our colleague Boris Planell passed away. He was a caregiver who worked at the Havana Zoo, a researcher at the Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds (SCEAC) and representative of AICAS in Cuba.

AICAS wanted to help the Boris’s family; his two studying daughters and their mother. A team formed by Raúl Cabrera and Mireia Rosillo compiled Boris’ immense collection of books, management guides, species guidelines, book bindings, scientific articles, children’s stories, dvd’s, and more.

Besides supporting Boris his family, some of the money raised also supported a Latin American keeper to join the ICZ congress in 2018. Undoubtedly, Boris would be very proud to know that, with his books, he has collaborated in the training of a colleague.  We will keep supporting keepers to join conferences with some of the money raised.

We would like to encourage you to download the list of books and other products and take a look. If you would like to order something please get in touch via email at:  bienestaranimal@aicas.org

Any support will be greatly appreciated!

The shipping costs are at the expense of the buyer (although we can try and use all our contacts to try to avoid those shipment expenses and deliver them by hand, whenever possible).

Thank you!

The ICZ is pleased to announce the winner of the ICZ Keeper Conservation Grant 2020 is Libassa Wildlife Sanctuary.

The Libassa Wildlife Sanctuary (LWS) is the first and only wildlife rescue center for different species of wildlife in Liberia and officially opened on 2017.

It is a partnership between the Libassa Ecolodge, the Forestry Development Authority (FDA) and the Society for the Conservation of Nature in Liberia (SCNL).

The goals of LWS are:

To provide care to confiscated wild animals kept as pets or destined to bush meat, release them whenever is possible or providing them with lifelong care for the ones that cannot be released.

Other important goals also include:

• The protection of sea turtles nesting grounds
• The training of students and communities on wildlife protection
• To raise awareness on illegal trafficking of wildlife in Liberia through education
• Supporting local communities.

So far, 350 animals have entered the sanctuary and more than 175 have been released back into the wild.

The ICZ grant of $1000 would allow us to improve the center’s old quarantine room, which is currently damaged and in need of repair. Improving this facility will make it available for antelopes/ larger animals that need quarantine, or any other animals that can not be housed in the current building. This will greatly improve the facility and care that can be provided at the Sanctuary.

For more information on the Libassa Wildlife Sanctuary please visit their website.

We would like to thank everyone who submitted an application and ofcourse Fundació Lluís Coromina for sponsoring this ICZ grant.

#internationalzookeeperday
The International Congress of Zookeepers asks you to join in the 4th Annual Celebration of International Zookeeper day this October 4th!
October 4th was proposed by Barcelona Zoo and AICAS (Iberian Association of Zookeepers) in honor of St. Francis of Assisi who advocated that it was the duty of men to protect and enjoy nature. The Barcelona Zoo has celebrated the Day of St. Francis since 1957.
This celebratory day includes all who make it their life’s work to care for animals, whether they are involved with zoos, sanctuaries, rescue centers, parks or reserves. All who work to improve and save the lives of animals shall be commemorated on this day.
This declaration comes at a time when many animal species are in great peril across the globe. Many species are facing extinction, and their ecosystems and habitats are under tremendous pressure from diverse forces, both natural and human-made. Stewardship is the last hope for many endangered species and the professionals who devote their lives to saving species by way of conservation and breeding programs, education outreach, and research work tirelessly to save these animals.
Each October 4th, the ICZ, via International Zookeeper Day, will engage in programs, activities, and ceremonies which encourage education and public awareness of the important role of keepers in wildlife conservation. Please take the opportunity on October 4th to stop and reflect on the huge contribution zookeepers make to the care and conservation of all species great and small.
Here are some ideas on how you can celebrate! Special Keeper Talks Special behind the scenes tours for guests (Show them what your day is like! Give a tour for a donation to raise funds for your favorite conservation organization). Hang out with colleagues (have lunch as a zoo department or outside of work). Hold Zookeeper Olympic Games  Have a happy hour or social. Plant a tree on zoo grounds to commemorate the special day. Share, share, share on social media! #internationalzookeeperday How will you celebrate International Zookeeper Day?

Please check out the  IZD 2019 Facebook page and share with us!

In 1998, Stichting de Harpij published the first edition of the ‘Harpij Verrijkingsboek’ (“Harpij Enrichment Book”); a reference book with ideas for the behavioral enrichment of animals in zoos. Since then, the book has been translated into five other languages: Russian, English, Spanish, Portuguese and Vietnamese.

This book is a great example of the benefits of zookeeping associations around the world working together as part of ICZ: ABWAK and ASZK sponsored the English translation and AICAS translated the book to both Spanish and Portuguese (and even shared it for free with the Spanish and Portuguese speaking delegates of the ICZ congress in 2018). Currently, AFSA is working on a French translation and BdZ on a German version of the book.